References and Additional Resources

Below is a complete list of the resources Orb Media used to research and report on this story. Some of these materials are only available by subscription. If your organization has issues accessing any of the documents or locating information we have referenced, please let us know. We’ll try our best to support your team with one-on-one documentation support and access.

  1. Abera Damtew, Z., Adakal, A., Adhikari, B., Aitken, I., Antwi, P., Asma A., ... & Zulliger, R. (2020). Health for the People: National Community Health Worker Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, 103.

  2. Agrasada, G. V., Gustafsson, J., Kylberg, E., & Ewald, U. (2005). Postnatal peer counselling on exclusive breastfeeding of low‐birthweight infants: A randomized, controlled trial. Acta Paediatrica, 94(8), 1109-1115.

  3. Ahorlu, C. K., Koram, K. A., Seakey, A. K., & Weiss, M. G. (2009). Effectiveness of combined intermittent preventive treatment for children and timely home treatment for malaria control. Malaria Journal, 8(1), 292.

  4. Anabui, O. (2019, November). Participatory action to develop a community health worker career ladder. In APHA's 2019 Annual Meeting and Expo (Nov. 2-Nov. 6). American Public Health Association.

  5. Atif, N., Lovell, K., & Rahman, A. (2015, August). Maternal mental health: The missing “m” in the global maternal and child health agenda. In Seminars in perinatology (Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 345-352). WB Saunders.

  6. Ballard, M., Bancroft, E., Nesbit, J., Johnson, A., Holeman, I., Foth, J., ... & Raghavan, M. (2020). Prioritising the role of community health workers in the COVID-19 response. BMJ Global Health, 5(6), e002550.

  7. Ballard, M., Bonds, M., Burey, J., Dini, H.S.F., Foth, J., Furth, R., Fiori, K., Holeman, I., Jacobs, T., Johnson, A., Kureshy, N., Lyons, J., Malaba, S., Palazuelos, P.,Raghavan, M., Rogers, A.,  Schwarz, R., Zambrun, J. (2018) CHW Aim: Updated Program Functionality Matrix For Optimizing Community Health Programs. 

  8. Ballard, M., Madore, A., Johnson, A., Keita, Y., Haag, E., Palazuelos, D., & Rosenberg, J. (2018). Cases in Global Health Delivery: Community health workers.

  9. Barnet, B., Duggan, A. K., Devoe, M., & Burrell, L. (2002). The effect of volunteer home visitation for adolescent mothers on parenting and mental health outcomes: a randomized trial. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 156(12), 1216-1222.

  10. Barnett, B., & Parker, G. (1985). Professional and non-professional intervention for highly anxious primiparous mothers. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 146(3), 287-293.

  11. Bhandari, Nita, et al. "Effect of implementation of Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) programme on neonatal and infant mortality: cluster randomised controlled trial." Bmj 344 (2012): e1634.

  12. Bhutta, Z. A., Lassi, Z. S., Pariyo, G., & Huicho, L. (2010). Global experience of community health workers for delivery of health related millennium development goals: a systematic review, country case studies, and recommendations for integration into national health systems. Global health workforce Alliance, 1(249), 61.

  13. Bhutta, Z. A., Soofi, S., Cousens, S., Mohammad, S., Memon, Z. A., Ali, I., ... & Martines, J. (2011). Improvement of perinatal and newborn care in rural Pakistan through community-based strategies: a cluster-randomised effectiveness trial. The Lancet, 377(9763), 403-412.

  14. Bjorkman Nyqvist, M., Guariso, A., Svensson, J., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2016). Effect of a micro entrepreneur-based community health delivery program on under-five mortality in Uganda: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

  15. Bullock, L. F., Wells, J. E., Duff, G. B., & Hornblow, A. R. (1995). Telephone support for pregnant women: outcome in late pregnancy. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 108(1012), 476-478.

  16. Chibanda, D. (2018). Dixon Chibanda: grandmothers help to scale up mental health care. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(6), 376-377.

  17. Chinchai, Pisak, Pornpen Sirisatayawong, and Natee Jindakum. "Community Integration and Quality of Life: Stroke Survivors as Recipients of Rehabilitation by Village Health Volunteers (VHVs) in Thailand." Occupational Therapy In Health Care (2020): 1-14.

  18. Closser, S., & Jooma, R. (2013). Why we must provide better support for Pakistan's female frontline health workers. PLoS medicine, 10(10).

  19. Cooper, P. J., Landman, M., Tomlinson, M., Molteno, C., Swartz, L., & Murray, L. (2002). Impact of a mother–infant intervention in an indigent peri-urban South African context: pilot study. The British journal of psychiatry, 180(1), 76-81.

  20. Cunningham, S. D., Riis, V., Line, L., Patti, M., Bucher, M., Durnwald, C., & Srinivas, S. K. (2020). Safe Start Community Health Worker Program: A Multisector Partnership to Improve Perinatal Outcomes Among Low-Income Pregnant Women With Chronic Health Conditions. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6), 836-839.

  21. Dale, J., Caramlau, I. O., Lindenmeyer, A., & Williams, S. M. (2008). Peer support telephone calls for improving health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4).

  22. De Vries, R. (2004). A pleasing birth: midwives and maternity care. Temple University Press.

  23. Gilmore, B., & McAuliffe, E. (2013). Effectiveness of community health workers delivering preventive interventions for maternal and child health in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC public health, 13(1), 847.

  24. Giugliani, Camila, et al. "Effectiveness of community health workers in Brazil: a systematic review." The Journal of ambulatory care management 34.4 (2011): 326-338.

  25. Gogia, S., & Sachdev, H. P. S. (2016). Home-based neonatal care by community health workers for preventing mortality in neonates in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Journal of Perinatology, 36(1), S55-S73.

  26. Goldfield, N. I., Crittenden, R., Fox, D., McDonough, J., Nichols, L., & Rosenthal, E. L. (2020). COVID-19 Crisis Creates Opportunities for Community-Centered Population Health: Community Health Workers: at the Center. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 43(3), 184-190.

  27. Greenspan, J. A., McMahon, S. A., Chebet, J. J., Mpunga, M., Urassa, D. P., & Winch, P. J. (2013). Sources of community health worker motivation: a qualitative study in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. Human resources for health, 11(1), 52.

  28. Haines, A., de Barros, E. F., Berlin, A., Heymann, D. L., & Harris, M. J. (2020). National UK programme of community health workers for COVID-19 response. The Lancet, 395(10231), 1173-1175.

  29. Hategeka, C., Tuyisenge, G., Bayingana, C., & Tuyisenge, L. (2019). Effects of scaling up various community-level interventions on child mortality in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania: a modeling study. Global health research and policy, 4(1), 1.

  30. Heukelbach, J., Alencar, C. H., Kelvin, A. A., de Oliveira, W. K., & de Góes Cavalcanti, L. P. (2016). Zika virus outbreak in Brazil. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 10(02), 116-120.

  31. Johnson, A. D., Thiero, O., Whidden, C., Poudiougou, B., Diakité, D., Traoré, F., ... & Kayentao, K. (2018). Proactive community case management and child survival in periurban Mali. BMJ global health, 3(2), e000634.

  32. Kumar, V., Mohanty, S., Kumar, A., Misra, R. P., Santosham, M., Awasthi, S., ... & Singh, J. V. (2008). Effect of community-based behaviour change management on neonatal mortality in Shivgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 372(9644), 1151-1162.

  33. Lehmann, U., & Sanders, D. (2007). Community health workers: what do we know about them. The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes of using community health workers. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1-42.

  34. Lester, H., Freemantle, N., Wilson, S., Sorohan, H., England, E., Griffin, C., & Shankar, A. (2007). Cluster randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of primary care mental health workers. Br J Gen Pract, 57(536), 196-203.

  35. Limaye, R. J., Kapadia-Kundu, N., Arnold, R., Gergen, J., & Sullivan, T. M. (2017). Utilizing digital health applications as a means to diffuse knowledge to improve family planning outcomes in Bangladesh. Clinical Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, 3(2), 1-7.

  36. Liu, Q., Long, Q., & Garner, P. (2017). Growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) for children in low and middle income countries. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(1).

  37. Mundorf, C., Shankar, A., Moran, T., Heller, S., Hassan, A., Harville, E., & Lichtveld, M. (2018). Reducing the risk of postpartum depression in a low-income community through a community health worker intervention. Maternal and child health journal, 22(4), 520-528.

  38. Målqvist, M., Clarke, K., Matsebula, T., Bergman, M., & Tomlinson, M. (2016). Screening for antepartum depression through community health outreach in Swaziland. Journal of community health, 41(5), 946-952.

  39. Ngirabega, J. D., Leonard, W., Munyanshongore, C., & Dramaix-Wilmet, M. (2010). Utilization of community based growth monitoring services by eligible children in rural Rwanda.

  40. Ospina, J. E., Orcau, À., Millet, J. P., Sánchez, F., Casals, M., & Caylà, J. A. (2012). Community health workers improve contact tracing among immigrants with tuberculosis in Barcelona. BMC public health, 12(1), 158.

  41. Rahman, A., Malik, A., Sikander, S., Roberts, C., & Creed, F. (2008). Cognitive behaviour therapy-based intervention by community health workers for mothers with depression and their infants in rural Pakistan: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 372(9642), 902-909.

  42. Rahman, A., Surkan, P. J., Cayetano, C. E., Rwagatare, P., & Dickson, K. E. (2013). Grand challenges: integrating maternal mental health into maternal and child health programmes. PLoS medicine, 10(5).

  43. Rahman, M., Jhohura, F. T., Mistry, S. K., Chowdhury, T. R., Ishaque, T., Shah, R., & Afsana, K. (2015). Assessing community based improved maternal neonatal child survival (IMNCS) program in rural Bangladesh. PloS one, 10(9).

  44. Rahman, S. M., Ali, N. A., Jennings, L., Seraji, M. H. R., Mannan, I., Shah, R., ... & Baqui, A. H. (2010). Factors affecting recruitment and retention of community health workers in a newborn care intervention in Bangladesh. Human resources for health, 8(1), 12.

  45. Sacks, E., Bailey, J. M., Robles, C., & Low, L. K. (2013). Neonatal care in the home in northern rural Honduras: a qualitative study of the role of traditional birth attendants. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing, 27(1), 62-71.

  46. Schmidt, B., Campbell, S., & McDermott, R. (2016). Community health workers as chronic care coordinators: evaluation of an Australian Indigenous primary health care program. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 40(S1), S107-S114.

  47. Singla, D., Lazarus, A., Atif, N., Sikander, S., Bhatia, U., Ahmad, I., ... & Rahman, A. (2014). “Someone like us”: Delivering maternal mental health through peers in two South Asian contexts. Journal of affective disorders, 168, 452-458.

  48. Thompson, J. R., Horton, C., & Flores, C. (2007). Advancing diabetes self-management in the Mexican American population. The Diabetes Educator, 33(S6), 159S-165S.

  49. Tomlinson, M., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Scheffler, A., & Le Roux, I. (2018). Antenatal depressed mood and child cognitive and physical growth at 18-months in South Africa: a cluster randomised controlled trial of home visiting by community health workers. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 27(6), 601-610.

  50. Torres, S., Labonté, R., Spitzer, D. L., Andrew, C., & Amaratunga, C. (2014). Improving health equity: the promising role of community health workers in Canada. Healthcare Policy, 10(1), 73.

  51. Tsai, A. C., Tomlinson, M., Dewing, S., Le Roux, I. M., Harwood, J. M., Chopra, M., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2014). Antenatal depression case finding by community health workers in South Africa: feasibility of a mobile phone application. Archives of women's mental health, 17(5), 423-431.

  52. Verhagen, I., Steunenberg, B., de Wit, N. J., & Ros, W. J. (2014). Community health worker interventions to improve access to health care services for older adults from ethnic minorities: a systematic review. BMC health services research, 14(1), 497.

  53. Wagner, Z., Asiimwe, J. B., & Levine, D. I. (2020). When financial incentives backfire: Evidence from a community health worker experiment in Uganda. Journal of Development Economics, 144, 102437.

  54. Wang, H., Tesfaye, R., NV Ramana, G., & Chekagn, C. T. (2016). Ethiopia health extension program: an institutionalized community approach for universal health coverage. The World Bank.

  55. White, E. E., Downey, J., Sathananthan, V., Kanjee, Z., Kenny, A., Waters, A., ... & Nyumah, J. (2018). A community health worker intervention to increase childhood disease treatment coverage in rural Liberia: A controlled before-and-after evaluation.

  56. American journal of public health, 108(9), 1252-1259.World Health Organization. (2018). WHO guideline on health policy and system support to optimize community health worker programmes. World Health Organization.

Additional Resources

  1. For implementation information on how to deliver high-quality primary health care at scale through national community health worker programs, Orb Media notes this Harvard University program for Strengthening Community Health Worker Programs may be helpful as a resource.

  2. For further information on Kraamzorg workers (in Dutch):

    Kraamzorg voor een onbezorgde kraamtijd - Kraamzorg Het Groene Kruis. Kraamzorg Het Groene Kruis. (2020). Retrieved 23 June 2020, from https://www.kraamzorghetgroenekruis.nl/kraamzorg/.

  3. For further information on the average earnings of Kenyans and earnings of Kenyan doctors (as reported by The Standard, see:

    Michira, M., & Omondi, D. (2017). Here's why you always feel poorer. The Standard. Retrieved 23 June 2020, from https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001236961/here-s-why-you-always-feel-poorer.

  4. Muthoni, K. (2017). Doctors’ salary increment agreement with 47 county governments. The Standard. Retrieved 23 June 2020, from https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001254949/doctors-salary-increment-agreement-with-47-county-governments

 

We’re excited to support your work. In return, we ask that you:

1. Let us know that you’re onboard for reporting on this story. We’ll support you with story updates, access to our journalist and data team, and additional newsroom resources. We can also satisfy any questions you might have.
2. Credit Orb Media’s work (or other graphic sources) including our original data analysis and key findings as appropriate.
3. Share your expected publishing date and link (or PDF if appears in print only) with Orb so we can aggregate, promote and learn from original reporting worldwide. In the future, we’ll pass our algorithmic and framing learnings from the story’s collective performance on to you.
4. This package was published in concert with other media organizations during the week of August 10. However, its evergreen elements remain available for your future use.